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Swiss cheese model
:''For the Swiss Cheese model in physical cosmology, see large-scale structure of the cosmos, galaxy filament, and supercluster.''
The Swiss Cheese model of accident causation is a model used in risk analysis and risk management, including aviation, engineering, healthcare, and as the principle behind layered security, as used in computer security and defense in depth. It likens human systems to multiple slices of swiss cheese, stacked side by side, in which the risk of a threat becoming a reality is mitigated by the differing layers and types of defenses which are "layered" behind each other. Therefore in theory, lapses and weaknesses in one defense do not allow a risk to materialize, since other defenses also exist, to prevent a single point of weakness. The model was originally formally propounded by Dante Orlandella and James T. Reason of the University of Manchester, and has since gained widespread acceptance. It is sometimes called the cumulative act effect.
Although the Swiss cheese model is respected and considered to be a useful method of relating concepts, it has been subject to criticism that it is used over broadly, and without enough other models or support.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Revisiting the Swiss cheese model of accidents )〕
==Failure domains==
Reason hypothesized that most accidents can be traced to one or more of four failure domains: organizational influences, supervision, preconditions and specific acts. Preconditions for unsafe acts include fatigued air crew or improper communications practices. Unsafe supervision encompasses for example, pairing inexperienced pilots on a night flight into known adverse weather. Organizational influences encompass such things as reduction in expenditure on pilot training in times of financial austerity.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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